Wireless Power Transfer: Technologies and Future Prospects

Abstract

Introduction: Wireless Power Transfer (WPT) is an emerging technology enabling the transmission of electrical energy without physical connectors, using electromagnetic fields such as magnetic, electrostatic, or optical. Originating from Nikola Tesla’s early experiments, WPT has gained momentum due to advancements in materials, power electronics, and electromagnetic theory. Key methods include inductive, resonant inductive, capacitive, microwave, and laser-based transfer, with applications ranging from consumer electronics and EVs to aerospace and medical implants. Despite its potential, WPT faces challenges like limited range, reduced efficiency over distance, and safety concerns from high-power radiation. On-going research focuses on improving efficiency, range, and safety through innovations in resonant circuits, superconductors, and rectennas. This review highlights the current state, challenges, and future trends—such as dynamic EV charging, space-based solar power, and integration with smart grids and IoT—emphasizing WPT’s transformative potential in modern energy systems.

Objectives: The objective of this review paper is to provide a comprehensive analysis of Wireless Power Transfer (WPT) technologies, exploring their underlying principles, current advancements, and practical applications. It aims to critically examine the existing methods—such as inductive coupling, resonant inductive coupling, and microwave/radioactive transfer—highlighting their advantages, limitations, and areas of application. Furthermore, the paper seeks to identify the key challenges impeding widespread adoption and to evaluate emerging trends and research directions that are shaping the future prospects of WPT systems in various sectors, including consumer electronics, electric vehicles, biomedical devices, and industrial automation.

Methods: The methodology of this review paper is based on a systematic analysis of existing literature to explore the current technologies, challenges, and future prospects of Wireless Power Transfer (WPT). Relevant information was gathered from peer-reviewed journals, conference papers, technical reports, and industry publications using databases such as IEEE Xplore, Science Direct, Springer Link, and Google Scholar. The collected literature was categorized according to different WPT techniques, including inductive coupling, resonant coupling, capacitive coupling, microwave transmission, and laser-based transfer. Each method was compared using key performance indicators such as efficiency, range, alignment sensitivity, safety, and scalability. Common challenges and limitations were identified, along with recent advancements and potential solutions. Finally, the review highlights emerging trends and future applications of WPT in areas like electric vehicles, biomedical devices, consumer electronics, and IoT, providing a comprehensive outlook on the evolution of this transformative technology.

Results: The review reveals that Wireless Power Transfer (WPT) has made significant technological progress, with inductive and resonant coupling being the most mature and widely adopted methods, especially in consumer electronics and electric vehicles. While each technology offers unique advantages, challenges such as limited range, alignment issues, energy loss, and safety concerns remain key barriers. However, on-going research and innovation—such as adaptive control systems, improved materials, and hybrid techniques—are addressing these limitations. The findings suggest that WPT holds strong potential for transformative applications across multiple sectors, with promising future developments expected to enhance efficiency, flexibility, and integration into smart systems.

Conclusions: In conclusion, Wireless Power Transfer (WPT) represents a promising shift in how electrical energy can be delivered, offering convenience, flexibility, and new design possibilities across various applications. While current technologies like inductive and resonant coupling have shown practical success, challenges related to efficiency, range, and safety still need to be fully addressed. Continued advancements in materials, system design, and regulatory standards are essential for broader adoption. With sustained research and innovation, WPT is poised to play a crucial role in the future of energy transfer, particularly in smart devices, electric mobility, and biomedical systems.